Mass in Minor B

Johann Sebastian Bach, popularly known as Bach, was a German composer, organist, harpsichordist, violist, and violinist, and was regarded as the supreme composer of the Baroque and one of the best of all time. His contributions are secular works for the choir, orchestra and solo instruments. Though he didn’t introduced new forms and he enriched the German style of music through a contrapuntal technique and adaptations of rhythm, forms and textures from other countries such as Italy and France. His musical style arose from the influences of the South German, North German, Italian and French music.During his time, Bach was popularly known on being on one extreme end of the spectrum, notating almost majority of the details of his melodic lines, particularly in his fast movements. He preferred dense contrapuntal textures which allowed lesser margin for the variation of his musical lines. Bach's contrapuntal textures have the tendency to be more cumulative than those of other compo sers before and nowadays. Noticeably, his harmony tends to use a brief ‘tonicisation' or a subtle reference to another key that lasts only a few beats at the longest. He also favored the supertonic to add color to his musical texture.Mass in Minor B Mass in B Minor is a complete musical setting in Latin Mass by Johann Sebastian Bach. This was one of Bach's last works before his death in 1750. This musical setting is a composition of the music that Bach had made before. He divided the work in a score of four parts of the Latin Mass that was given each title page of their own. These are the Kyrie, Gloria, Symbolum Nicaenum or Credo and the group of Sanctus, Hossana, Benedictus and Agnus Dei. In total, the work consists of 27 sections. Kyrie The Kyrie which means â€Å"O Lord† has three parts as used in Mass in Minor B.The first was the Kyrie eleison (Lord, have mercy). It is a five-part chorus in B minor consisting of Soprano I, II, Alto, Tenor and Bass. Second was the Ch ristle eleison, a duet in D major with obbligato violins. The duet was in Soprano I and II. Last was another Kyrie eleison but this time with four-part chorus only in F# minor, consisting of a Soprano, Alto, Tenor and Bass. Gloria The structure of Gloria or Gloria in exelcis Deo (Glory to God in the highest) composed of nine movements with the largely symmetrical structure and Domine Deus in the center.First movement was Gloria in excelsis, a five-part chorus of Soprano I, II, Alto, Tenor and Bass in D major in 3/8 time. The music appears also as the opening chorus of Bach's Cantata Gloria in excelsis Deo, Second was Et in terra pax, a five-part chorus of Soprano I, II, Alto, Tenor and Bass in D major. Third was Laudamus te, an aria of Soprano II in A major with obbligato violin. Fourth was Gratias agimus tibi, a four-part chorus of Soprano, Alto, Tenor and Bass in D major. Fifth was Domine Deus, a duet of Soprano I and Tenor in G major, marked Andante common time.The sixth movement was Qui tollis peccata mundi, a four-part chorus of Soprano II, Alto, Tenor and Bass in B minor in 3/4 time. Seventh was Qui sedes ad dexteram Patri, an Aria for Alto in B minor with obbligato in 6/8 time. The eight movement wasQuoniam tu solus sanctus, an Aria of Bass in D major with obbligato in 3/4 time. And last but not the least was the Cum Sancto Spiritu, a five-part chorus of Soprano I, II, Alto, Tenor and Bass in D major in 3/4 time. Credo Also known as Symbolum Nicaenum, Credo also had nine movements with symmetrical structure, and the crucifixion at the center.The first movement was Credo in unum Deum, a five-part chorus of Soprano I, II, Alto, Tenor and Bass in A mixolydian. Second was Patrem omnipotentem, a four-part chorus of Soprano, Alto, Tenor and Bass in D major. Third movement was Et in unum Dominum, a duet of Soprano I and Alto in G major. Fourth was Et incarnatus est, a five-part chorus of Soprano I, II, Alto, Tenor and Bass in B minor. Fifth was the Crucifixus, a four-part chorus of Soprano II, Alto, Tenor and Bass in E minor, in 3/2 time. The sixth part was Et resurrexit, a five-part chorus of Soprano I, II, Alto, Tenor and Bass in D major in 3/4 time.Seventh was Et in Spiritum Sanctum, an Aria for Bass in A major in 6/8 time. The eight movement was Confiteor, a five-part chorus of Soprano I, II, Alto, Tenor and Bass in F# minor. Last but not the least was Et expect, a five-part chorus of Soprano I, II, Alto, Tenor and Bass in D major. Sanctus, Hossana, Benedictus and Agnus Dei The fourth part was a combination of Sanctus, Hossana, Benedictus and Agnus Dei. Agnus Dei is a Latin term which means Lamb of God. In the musical setting, this part composes of six movements. First was Sanctus, a six-part chorus of Soprano I, II, Alto I, II, Tenor and Bass in D major, in 3/8 time.Second was Hosanna, a double chorus with four parts both, in D major in 3/8 time. Third movement was Benedictus, an Aria for Tenor with flute obbligato in B minor in 3/4 time. Fourth was another Hosannna . Fifth was Agnus Dei, an Aria for Alto in G minor with violin obbligato. And last was Dona nobis pacem, a four-part chorus in D major. The Mass in Minor B was frequently performed was not played during Bach’s lifetime. Though there are some scholarly debates and arguments with the motivation of Bach to pursue its kind structure during that time, most composers believe that the Mass in Minor b was one of Bach’s best compositions of all time.

Reaction Paper on Crazy by

Ha Song Pham PSYCH 252 02/17/2012 Reaction Paper 1 on Crazy When talking about prison, one usually thinks of two kinds of people, the guards and the prisoners. But nowadays, when 16% of inmates have serious and persistent mental illness, it is not surprising to find psychiatrists working in prisons. The Miami-Dade County Pretrial Detention Center mentioned in Crazy was not an exception. On the ninth for of Miami jail, we found mentally ill prisoners, guards, Dr. Poitier who was the chief psychiatrist of the jail, and the nurses.The medical staff and the prison officers hold opposite viewpoints about how the inmates should be treated. The great conflicts and complications between the justice system and the mental health system had made the job of the psychiatrists in prisons across the United States an extremely difficult task. Dr. Poitier and nurses on the ninth floor of Miami jail worked daily in a very unhygienic condition: â€Å"The air in C wings stinks. It is a putrefied scent, a blending of urine expectorant, persperition, excrement, blood, flatulence, and dried and discarded jailhouse food.When the jail’s antiquated air conditioning breaks down during the summer, which it often does, some officers claim C wing’s pink wall actually sweats. It’s decades of filth and grime bubbling up, rising through coat of paint†. I wonder how one could be expected to live, let alone work in a condition as such. Under such horrible conditions, I wonder how effective the doctors were doing their job. And even if they were trying to do the best they could, I don’t think the inmates’ conditions could get any better when they did not even get to live in basic living condition which has a standard level of hygiene.If the states were paying for the psychiatrists to treat the inmates, the first thing they should have thought about was the working conditions of the doctors and the living conditions of the inmates because those played a ke y role in the efficiency of one’s job and the recovery of one’s disorder. In addition to the poor working conditions, the medical staff were not treated well by both the officers and the inmates. The nurses got screamed at, threatened, and humiliated. In Crazy, Earley told the incident of one nurse having a prisoner toss a cup of feces and urine at her.Nevertheless, the nurse did not quit the job for she understood that she could not take anything personally at her work. Most of the nurses were women. Inmates frequently masturbated in front of them. They did not get any protection from such hazard because the state attorney thought that it was not a crime that was worth pursuing. Doctors and nurses saw inmates as patients, while officers saw them as prisoners. The officers (or correctional staff as referred to in Crazy) treated the inmates very badly when the doctors were not around.Due to the opinions that were at two extremes with each other, the efforts to help the inmates by the medical staff turned out to be useless by the poor treatment that the inmates received from the officers. On a larger scale, the psychiatrists received very little to no help from the state government. What’s more, they had to comply with the ridiculous, non-sense regulations that were originally constructed to protect the rights of the mentally ill. In Crazy, Dr. Poitier had no access to resources. The inmates were booked into jail without carrying their medical records.He had to prescribe medication based largely on what the inmates told him. Plus, he had to follow the Miami-Dade County Public Health Trust’s instruction to prescribe Risperdal first whenever possible rather than Zyprexa, which was much more expensive. He had no freedom to do his job even though he received sufficient psychiatric training, while those people at the health trust were only thinking about the â€Å"so-called† economic benefits. Civil right laws such as Baker Act prev ented the doctors from forcing inmates to take medication unless they posed an imminent danger or a threat. Dr.Poitier was very disappointed by the Act. He stated that: â€Å"A person who is a chronic schizophrenic doesn’t have the full control over his thoughts. He can’t make rational decision. If you release him untreated back into the community, you aren’t protecting his civil rights. You’re condemning him to stay sick and a horrible life of suffering on the streets. † The Baker Act was particularly complex when viewing it at different angles. For psychiatrists like Dr. Poitier, it hindered them from treating the inmates. They believed that the inmates were not mentally healthy enough to make ecisions about whether or not they wanted to to treated. On the contrary, public defenders and civil rights attorney felt that they had to protect the constitutional rights of the mentally ill. But what if what the mentally ill chose to do went against the wish of their loved ones, and negatively affected community. â€Å"Acting crazy is not a choice†. The mentally ill didn’t choose to be crazy. I couldn’t help but wonder what exactly these attorneys were trying to protect here. Were they trying to say protect a choice that no one wished to make?But after all, I did not experience a mental illness, which would invalidate any opinions I would have about how a mentally ill person would feel or react. In the end, there was a price to everything. One could not expect to do a thing without having to face a trade-off. The decisions should be made in a way that benefited most people as it possibly could. Even though I was fully aware that the psychiatrists in the prisons were doing their best to help the inmates, I believed it was better if they understood the job that they were doing involved more parties than them and the inmates.In Crazy, Dr. Poitier pointed out that: â€Å"My first concern is restoring this man†™s mental health. But that is not the first concern of the lawyers, or of the judge who will be making this decision. This should be a medical matter, not a legal issue†. I didn’t think that was just a medical issue. Doctors alone would not be able to help the mentally ill without the support of other forces. Where would they find the resources such as medication, facilities, accommodation to assist the patients without the regulation or policy that allowed them to do so? It was never one man’s business.It took the cooperation of a whole system in order to effectively help the mentally ill who also happened to commit crime. Despite innumerable difficulties and controversies involved in their jobs, the doctors and nurses were getting paid much less than the medical staff in mainstream hospitals. For example, the nurses on the ninth floor earned an average of $2,000 per year less then their counterparts in Miami hospitals. Part of the reason was because they were recent immigrants who had received their formal qualifications in a country other than the US.Working in the section for the mentally ill in a prison was certainly not their first choice nor their second nor their third. It could be the only option that they had. However, they did not complain about their jobs. They did not go on strike. They did not sue the states for providing such little support. Instead, they were doing as much as they possible could to help the inmates. Dr. Poitier addressed inmates as â€Å"Mr. † to show them respect. He asked very common questions that a doctor usually asked a patient: â€Å"How are you feeling today? He was treating the inmates as patients who needed help, and did not care whether they were also criminals or not. For him, they were just very ill people who needed medical help. He once said: â€Å"Most mentally ill inmates do stupid things, not bad things†. Dr. Poitier believed that the inmates on the ninth floor needed help t hat they would not get there. I wonder if he ever felt hopeless when he knew these people needed help, and he could give help, but those two things certainly would not happen in the prison. The inmates were unable to understand that Dr.Poitier was trying to help them because of their dysfunction. Dr. Poitier was fully aware that he would not be able to do much to help the inmates because of messiness of the system and the daily conflicts between doctors and prison officers. They were stuck in a place where no one was better off. The question that baffled me the most was why they decided to stay at their jobs. There must have been something great and meaningful that made them almost irrationally continue their work. In Crazy, Dr. Poitier answered this question for me: â€Å"The inmates who end up here have been given up on.But some can and do get better. And that’s the driving force that keeps me coming to work each day – knowing I can make a difference. Knowing I do m ake a difference. Besides, if I didn’t do this, who would? † No matter how much trouble and confusion the job has brought, Dr. Poitier and the psychiatrists in general have managed to put their work ethics on top of everything else. Thanks to them, the mentally ill inmates get the support that keeps them through the days. Otherwise, the prison could actually become the hell hole on earth. It takes a lot of efforts in order to do good in any jobs.But for the psychiatrists in prisons across the United States, they have to go to extra lengths in order to help the mentally ill inmates. However, their efforts alone are never enough, every other force involved in the system has to do their best as well. In addition, it is importance that they all try to come to understand each other’s job and the reason behind it so that they can make the whole system work for the inmates instead of the current climate when the mentally ill are stuck in the revolving doors of the jails and the hospitals.

Event Plan and Rationale Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Event Plan and Rationale - Essay Example The value to measure this is if they have a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or greater. The main reason for this sudden increase in obesity when compare to previous times is that life today involves a lot less physical activity than it did before. In our strife to save time, we travel by cars or buses instead of walking, we use escalators and elevators instead of taking the stairs and we have dog walkers to walk our dogs. Also, our jobs involve sitting in the offices, in front of a computer screen for most of the time. With this lack of physical activity and the rampant consumption of take out/junk food, and the following accumulation of excess calories, obesity was evident. (nhs.uk) Keeping in mind the rapid increase in obesity, The National Obesity Forum, based in Nottingham, has designed this marathon, to educate and encourage the people of England about their unhealthy eating habits and the resulting problems that obesity causes, both physical and mental. Being a part of this marathon also involves a rigorous training that begins three months prior to the event. By encouraging people to run for their lives, the National Obesity Forum aims at trying to get the obesity count under check and promoting a healthier lifestyle for the people of England. The whole point of the three month training is not just to train them for this one marathon, but to encourage them and get them used to an exercise regimen and a diet in the hope that they will like being fit and continue to use the guidance they have been given, to get in shape. 2. To educate all about the problems caused by obesity such as heart problems, diabetes, not to mention the mental and social ramifications that obese people have to go through in society, therefore, encouraging people to run for their lives. The event is also being conducted to provide mileage to the work being done by the medical professionals at the National Obesity Forum and to bring to notice to the

My Inner Struggle with English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

My Inner Struggle with English - Essay Example Watching their movie, I used to think that I will be able to speak English very easily. Although I did not understand all the words that Stallone or Schwarzenegger said, I used to get an idea of what they were saying. It was much later when I came to know that I was going to the US, and was required to speak English, that I realized that my favorite stars did not actually say much in the movies. It was their guns and hands that did most of the talking, and not their tongue. I started thinking that if I had chosen to watch maybe the romantic movies or the dramatic movies, I would have learned English more easily. At least, my travel to the United States would have been smooth. I realized that just listening to someone speak a language cannot make you fluent in that language. With this discouraging realization, I landed in the United States. It was not that my English was bad, but it was not good either. I could manage to speak in broken English. I could read and write quite nicely. Bu t when it came to speaking, I used to choke. I realized that the fear of being laughed at or being ridiculed hampered my efforts to speak in English. My friends and relatives in the US were unaware of my inner struggle with English. I conversed with them in my regional language so the question of my inability of speaking good English never really came up in front of them. However, it was bothering me a lot. I knew that in some time, I will join the college, mix with people and will have to speak in English without the aid of my own language. I decided to hone my English speaking skills. The very next day, I bought a book that promised to teach how to speak fluent English. To avoid my family members from knowing my dilemma, I used to go to a nearby coffee shop, order whatever I saw in the pictures that were stuck on the wall, grab a corner table and immerse in the book. This became my regular habit. I used to go to the coffee shop at early hours to avoid a rush of customers. It used to be deserted at early hours and that provided me with the silence and peaceful environment that was necessary to concentrate on my ‘study.’ This went on regularly for some days. I became sort of familiar with the waitresses and the cashier at the coffee shop. However, I kept my conversation limited to a ‘hello’ and a ‘thank you.’ Things were going fine until I became aware of a pair of eyes watching me intently for the past few days. I realized that one of the waitresses was keeping an eye on me since the past few days. She was in her late forties, with a plump physique and blonde hair. From the way she was treated by her colleagues, I could tell that she was working there for a long time and had gained a respectable position. Even though she was just ahead waitress, she had an authoritative attitude and her authority was accepted by others. I got to know that her name was Jennifer.  Ã‚  

Colgan Air flight crash Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Colgan Air flight crash - Essay Example Based on the investigations from the National Transport Safety Board (NTSB), the accident was as a result of the pilot not being able to respond to stall warnings in a proper manner. There is high probability that the plain crush was as a result of improper training of the captain. It is the families of the victims that brought about a significant improvement in American flights; â€Å"Due to a tireless campaign from the families of the victims on that flight, the Federal Aviation Administration, or FAA, announced [†¦] it would increase the qualification requirements and training standards for pilots...† (Johanson, 2013).As a result of the Colgan air crash investigation, the major change that was made involved issuing of a new rule that outlines enhanced pilot training measures (Schaal, 2013). According to the rule, should any pilot fail to satisfy any form of performance milestone then the commercial airline for which the pilot is working should track their remedial trai ning. According to the new FAA pilot training standards, enhanced pilot training, training on runway safety procedures and dealing with crosswinds must be put in place to prevent faults such as poor response to flight stall warnings (Schaal, 2013). Adjustments have also been made on co-pilot qualification standards. The co-pilots must complete not less 1500 hours of their training in order to qualify for the Airline Transport Pilot Certificate. It is only until then that they can be allowed to fly a commercial plain.

Strategic Management of Quest Diagnostics Essay

Strategic Management of Quest Diagnostics - Essay Example Ideally, the diagnosis is established with beyond a reasonable doubt certainty, but substantial uncertainty or frank diagnostic error can afflict the diagnostic process for a variety of reasons. Many of these diagnostic problems are explained by failures of decision-making. Their main strategic approach, competency, and challenges are explained herewith. Quest Diagnostics is the nation’s leading provider of diagnostic testing, information, and services. They are the largest providers of global central laboratory services performed in connection with clinical research trials on new drugs and these trials assess the safety and efficiency of these new drugs. Quest Diagnostics operates 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, 365 days a year providing their customers with a comprehensive menu of routine and specialty laboratory tests and services. Their major services include laboratory health care services, featured lab tests, online services and medical research etc. In New York City by 1967 Dr. Paul Brown launched the clinical laboratory industry with his vision to offer the high quality, highly automated and cost-effective clinical testing. Corning Incorporated purchased Met Path in 1982 and continued to build the company. The business continued to expand and additional companies were acquired, including Damon in 1993, Maryland Medical Laboratory in 1994 and Bioran in 1994. Also in 1994, Corning acquired Nichols Institute, world-renowned for esoteric testing. On December 31, 1996, Corning Incorporated spun off the laboratory testing business to its shareholders, establishing Quest Diagnostics as an independent company trading on the New York Stock Exchange under the Symbol "DGX.†. The acquisition enabled the company to enter into a testing related business, providing services to the life insurance industry.

Theatre Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Theatre Assignment - Essay Example The plot of this film is good. The events are interconnected to bring forward a systematic story that unfolds as it is presented to the audience. The script of seven bride’s seven brothers makes a lot of sense and simple to understand and follow. Though it is difficult to predict the next event or scene, the play is comical and is ensemble into perfect showcase. The theme as presented relates to marriage and the message brought out relate to cultural differences of backgrounds that affect the way of life in societies. The film is unrealistic. The seven brothers are depicted as overly wild and as manner less. It is impossible to convert the waywardness of the brothers in their own surroundings. ``The fundamentals of production involve incorporating the audience in the formation of the film’’ Edwin in his first chapter states the fundamentals of an audience when developing a film (Wilson, pg. 38). He urges students to be active theater goers so as to know the techniques of production and the role of the audience. The actors in the movie are well presented and the characters brought out in them portray the theme. Millie for instance is brought out to portray a young, diligent and enthusiastic lady who desires change and smooth transition from her urban life to farm life. The character of an enduring and dutiful wife portrayed my Millie is believable and good on stage. The setting of this movie in the wilderness brings out the rugged terrain and the environment of a farm where the bride is not used to. The lighting of the movie is great and the mise-en scene is real. The costumes used in the play show a transition of both urban and farm life and bring out the distinguishing features of both surroundings. The performance is done in a open space so as to show the vastness of the farm. Spacing between the events is also suitable and the music used in

1968.The Year that Rocked the World (History Essay) Essay

1968.The Year that Rocked the World (History ) - Essay Example It was a year dominated by negative news ranging from the arrests of prominent people like Dr. Benjamin Spock and other anti-war activists for violating military draft laws, the capture of an American intelligence ship (U.S.S. Pueblo and imprisonment of its crews for eleven months), and the assassination of Civil Rights Movement leader Martin Luther King in Memphis. The benefit of hindsight can determine it was indeed a bad year such that political activist, critic, and commentator Tomas Emmet Hayden remarked â€Å"it was fitting that such a bad year would end with the election of Richard Nixon† (Kurlansky 366). His march to the presidency began in February 1968 when he entered the New Hampshire primary to declare his candidacy and eventually won only narrowly over his opponents. He promised to unite the nation but was a divisive figure and the first U.S. president in history to resign his office due to Watergate. Discussion However, there was one event which shocked everybody in America and everyone in the world. This was the My Lai Massacre in which American ground troops from the Charlie Company rampaged through a Vietnamese village in retaliation for guerrilla attacks and killed more than 500 helpless civilians (South Kingstown High School 1). This was not known for more than a year but its significance was it made America lose its moral high ground.

Jesus Christ Teachings Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Jesus Christ Teachings - Essay Example But I have never hated anyone for a long period of time. I am a human being who like everyone has weaknesses. If I find someone being rude to me without any reason or showing hostility with no apparent cause, I experience an instantaneous rise of hatred in me. But after some time I am able to overcome it. There are many reasons for me believing in the teaching of forgiveness. I have come across so many researchers in the field of medicine which suggests that emotions such as hatred, depression, self-pity, and hostility are extremely destructive to one’s body. The root of many such abnormalities is being unforgiving. An anger which arises instantaneously isn’t harmful but holding grudges and seeking revenge is something which destroys one’s peace of mind. Peace of mind is inextricably linked to the well-being of the body. When the mind is happy and peaceful, the body undergoes a healing process. The nerves get their proper rest, breathing is harmonious and hormonal balance is perfect. On the contrary unforgiving nature leads to resentment, grudges and other destructive emotions which harm the body. There was an event in my life where I had a fight with one of my friends. It wasn’t a physical scuffle but a verbal spat. Our friendship hit rock bottom and we didn’t speak to each other for many months. But even after the fight and being of the opinion that the fault was his, I never held any animosity against him. He, on the other hand, did not forgive me. He began to devise schemes about bringing me down or humiliating me. But I could see that he had lost his peace of mind and all his tricks were causing harm to him. He started to lose other friends also because of his this attitude. After a few months, I persuaded him to come out of his hatred and become friends with me again.  

Biography of Labor Rights Leader Cesar Chavez Research Paper

Biography of Labor Rights Leader Cesar Chavez - Research Paper Example Chavez was a strong and efficient leader with high organization power. He could effectively influence the farm workers and convince them about the necessity of organizing and challenging the biased practices prevailed in the American socioeconomic systems. Chavez’s strong desire for freedom and his unmanageable resentment towards employee discrimination encouraged him to overcome every barrier before him. Cesar Chavez was posthumously awarded the US Medal of Freedom by the former President Bill Clinton. During the award presentation ceremony, Clinton said that Chavez faced â€Å"violent opposition with dignity and nonviolence† (as cited in The story of Cesar Chavez). Chavez’s life gives the message that hard work together with perseverance will certainly assist one to achieve one’s ambition. Cesar Estrada Chavez, the Mexican American, was born on 31st March 1927 at Yuma in Arizona in a middle class family of six children. At the age of 10, Chavez’s family lost its land due to the Great Depression, and therefore they became migrant farm workers. Chavez migrated across southwest throughout his youth and interacted with labors at vineyards and fields, where he witnessed the stressed facet of farm workers’ life. He left his education after his eighth grade and became a full time worker in the field in order to support his family. His education spread over 30 elementary and middle schools. Although he left the school after achieving the formal education, his insatiable intellectual curiosity motivated him to gain more knowledge. This intrinsic motivation influenced Chavez to continue to be genuine reader throughout his life and he was self-taught in many areas. In 1946, Chavez joined the US Navy and served the military in the Western Pacific. His military servi ce lasted almost two years and he returned to marry Helen Fabela who was a farm worker in the central California. As reported in the Congressional Record, V. 149, Pt. 1

The New Rave Generation Essay Example for Free

The New Rave Generation Essay Electronic Dance Music, better known as EDM, has the potential to be the largest genre of music in the near future. From the start this music has acted as a spiritual and emotional release for anyone who listens, this being one of, if not the most innovative forms of music in the history of entertainment. Throughout the existence of this genre there were many struggles amongst the industry. After nearly 40 years of efforts, EDM has revealed itself to the mainstream of music entertainment. â€Å"For an industry increasingly reliant on aging headliners like Bruce Springsteen, Madonna and the Rolling Stones the appeal of a genre with fresh stars and a huge young audience is undeniable.†(The New York Times) In other words, the older generations of music are fading out for a new wave to come in. Without this new generation, the rise of EDM may not have occurred. The origin of this music varies depending upon the specific type of EDM. The United States progression from traditional acoustic music to Electronic Music started in the 1970’s and now grows larger than ever expected. The true origin of this genre was in the 1960’s in Jamaica. Artists would overlay multiple tracks (normally instrumentals of existing tracks) on reel to reel tape players, which were commonplace at the time, to create their own unique tracks. They’d hook the reel to reel tape player up to an amp, along with an MC, and then throw large parties. Disco being one of the original forms of EDM was heard during the mid to late 1970’s among a very diverse but specific crowd which included the black, Latino, gay, and psychedelic communities. Donna Summer’s 1977 hit â€Å"I Feel Love† took the recent birth of this music put a slight twist on it which in turn expanded the electronic music culture. Although Donna Summer experimented with many genres, her impact on electronic dance music was substantial. Pairing with producer Giorgio Moroder was a defining moment for not just the sub-genre disco but for all of EDM. Disco’s combination of beats, strings, horns, and synths significantly impacted, whether directly or indirectly, every electronic artist from burgeoning house music DJs and New Order in the ‘80s to modern producers, like Calvin Harris and Avicii, revisiting those same sounds. Donna Summer’s career and more specifically her hit song â€Å"I Feel Love† is in some way responsible for every mainstream genre of EDM due to the explorative diversity of her music. Upon entering the 1980’s disco’s short lived popularity diminished. From the ashes of disco arose many new genres of EDM featuring electro, freestyle, techno and house. The musical aspect of the Jamaican culture, dub music was soon carried over to the US where artists such as Frankie Knuckles, known as the â€Å"Godfather of House†, began to introduce this magical genre. Due to the low demand for this electronically crafted music concerts were non-existent. In place of concerts, fans heard this music at warehouse parties and nightclubs. Using RB records, Frankie Knuckles and other artists used a mixer and two turntables. These records were not just left to play, the DJs reconstructed their sounds by mixing two records together at the same time, adjusting their tempos, and layering percussive beats over the top. This was the start of mainstream House Music. Night clubs and discos such as Paradise Garage and Studio 54 in New York City, or The Wharehouse in Chicago started employ DJs for every night they were open with the demand for EDM rising. These venues would have their sound system prepared more for DJs rather than the traditional live acts. At this point the interest for the DJs themselves had surpassed any expectation. In other words, fans began to appreciate the talent and dedication these artists possessed. With sudden interest in the DJs, they began to produce more of their own music. The increase in production led to the making of remixes. Remixing music proceeded to increase the popularity of this music and the individual DJs. By the 90s there was enough content and a large enough response to EDM where large concerts would be held indoors or outdoors casually known as raves. Raves feature loud, live music with breathtaking light shows which will put almost any person in awe. â€Å"Happy people, dancing happily without a hint of cynicism.†(Huffington Post) describes the atmosphere of any rave, perfectly. Raves gave off a sense of happiness among the whole crowd which is an indescribable feeling. Over years raves varied in styles to broaden the appeal, the venues started adding additional interactive entertainment including paint, glow sticks, foam and other stimulating accessories. Although the rave scene should have boosted the fan base substantially, EDM had reached the boundaries of its popularity for many years. Recently the electronic dance music scene has expanded past any expectations. Currently EDM is one of the most popular genres among all cultures. â€Å"If you’re 15 to 25 years old now, this is your rock ‘n’ roll,† said Michael Rapino, the chief executive of Live Nation Entertainment, the world’s largest concert promoter. This young audience is known as the new rave generation and they are nearly growing in numbers and variety. There are more performers, better technology and larger events every year. This scene is expanding with no intentions of slowing down. Electric dance music festivals are the hosts of the craziest events in the United States. These festivals took the average rave and super-sized it in every way possible. Most festivals are held over multiple days some providing overnight accommodations. Fans will spend thousands of dollars in preparation for these unforgettable couple days. The Electric Daisy Carnival in 2011 had over 200,000 guests at the Las Vegas Motor Speedway. These fans gathered from all around the world to hear the top DJs of the industry give the crowd everything they had. As the crowd roars across the many stages thousands of people share something they will take with them forever. This remarkable experience gives out a vibe like no other and greatly impacts the lives of everyone attending. Electric Dance Music has not only impacted the music entertainment industry forever but also the lives of millions of people. With roots from all over the world EDM has collectively created something nobody could have ever had predicted. Bringing thousands of enthusiasts from around the world together for a spiritual journey creates a surreal experience nobody can dislike. EDM is a genre that is here to stay and will continuously influence generations to come.

The Traveling Salesman Problem Computer Science Essay

The Traveling Salesman Problem Computer Science Essay Travelling sales man problem is one of the challenging problems in the real life and also most well studied combinatorial optimization problem. Many Researches from different fields like operational research, algorithms design and including artificial intelligence attract by it. This problem has been studied by different researches and come up with different solutions and this problem has been solved by using different algorithms like Blind search, Branch and Bound Search , Heuristic algorithm and Genetic algorithms etc. the problem was formulated as a mathematical problem in 1930 and later it is used as bench mark for many optimal solution. 1.1 TRAVELING SALESMAN PROBLEM: A Travelling salesman has a task of visiting N number of cities. He will start from a home location and want to visit each city just once and return back to the original location from where he starts. Travelling salesman route will be plan in such a way that in a given N number of cities cost of travelling from one city to any other city what is the minimum round trip route that visit each city once and then return to the starting place. The goal is to find the shortest tour that visit each city in a given cities exactly ones and then return to the starting city. The only solution to the travelling salesman problem is to calculate and compare the length of all possible ordered combinations. 1.2 History of travelling salesman problem: The travelling salesman problem was treated by a Irish mathematician sir William Rowan Hamilton and British mathematician Thomas Penyngton kirkman in the early 1800s. Hamilton and kirkman work on game called Hamilton Icosian game that requires player to complete tours through 20 points using only the specified connections. The general form of the travelling salesman problem studied by mathematician Karl menger during 1930s. He defines the problem using brute force algorithms and observed nearest neighbour heuristic non optimality. Soon after the name travelling salesman problem introduced by hassler Whitney at princeton university. In the 1940s the Travelling salesman problem was studied by statisticians Mahalanobiss, Jessen, Gosh, Marks. Among them P.C .Mahalanobiss took a sample survey of acreage under jute in Bengal discussed aspects of travelling salesman solutions through randomly chosen locations in the Euclidean plane. And this work is deal with survey of form lands one of the major cost to carrying out the survey was the transport ion of men equipment from one survey point to next. During the period between 1950s and 1960 the problem becomes more popular in scientific group in Europe and USA. a number of solutions designed by George B.Dantzing, Fulkerson and Johnson(1954) . in 1954 Heller publi shed an 88 report which contains many basic solutions on the travelling salesman polytype. In 1957 L.L.Barachet published graphic solution of travelling salesman problem which describes an enumeration scheme for computing near optimal tours. In 1964 R.L Karg and G.L. Thompson were applied heuristic algorithm for a 57 city problem. During the period R.M Karp and M.Held published an article about the travelling salesman and minimum spanning tree which introduced one tree relaxation of the travelling salesman problem and using node weights to improve the bound given by optimal tree. In 1990s Bixby and Cook developed the programme for travelling salesman problem which are using recently. 2.0 GRAPH: 2.1 Travelling salesman problem modelled as graph: Travelling salesman problem can be modelled as Graph where as the cities are the graph vertices, path is graph edges and path distance is edge distance. Our goal is to find the shortest tour that visits each city in a given graph exactly ones and then return to the starting city. 3.0 Search Algorithms: To solve travelling salesman problem we can use different types of algorithms like blind search, heuristic algorithms, uniform cost search etc 3.1 Blind search: Blind search algorithms are such algorithms which does not contain domain knowledge of the problem and it search blindly, hence it is called blind search algorithm. The only thing a blind search can do is it describes a non goal state from goal state. Assume that you are at city A and you want to reach at city D, if we draw a search tree level 1: city E, city B, city C. a blind search will have no idea which node should explore first, hence it explore each and every node blindly. In blind search we may not get information we can use. We just be looking for an answer and we wonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t no until we found it. The blind search is also called as un informed search. Blind search is divided into two searches Algorithm they are 1) Breadth first search and 2) Depth first search 3.2 Breadth first search: Breadth first search is a search which starts at one node and it expands the all the neighbour node then after completing those nodes, it expands remaining nodes unexpanded it process is continues up to reaching a goal. The technique followed by breadth first search is FIFO first in first out) queue, the difference between breadth first and depth first search is, the depth first uses stack i.e. LIFO (last in first out). In this logic the items which are added is equal to the item which are deleted. This process continues up to reach a goal. 3.3 Depth first search: Depth first search is a general technique for traversing a graph. The technique which organise the to Do list was stack that is last in first out (LIFO). Depth first search start at one node and it explore as far as possible along each branch until a required goal node is found. Then it takes backtracking and return to the next node which it hasnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t finished exploring and it keep on repeat the same procedure until it reaches to its goal. If Depth first search goes down a infinite branch and if it does not find a goal state or if it does not find the solution may be a better solution at a higher level in tree. Therefore depth first search is neither complete nor optimal. ALGORITHM: INPUT : A connected graph G ,a starting vertex 1 OUTPUT: An ordered spannig tree T of graph G with root vertex 1 Initialize tree as vertex 1 Initialize S as the set of proper edges incident on vertex 1 While s not equal to null Let e = dfs next edge(G,S). Let w be the non tree end point of edge e. Add edge e and vertex w to tree T. Update Frontier(G,S). Return Tree T. 4.0 DEPTH FIRST SEARCH APPLY TO GRAPH STARTING AT NODE 1: For the above tree diagram we are using Depth first search, from the graph the sales man starts at node a and visits each node and return to original node Step1: from node 1 there is a three ways to travel i.e. node 2, node3 and node5 in level 2 Step2: by following depth first search condition LIFO it expands node 2 until the goal reach So for node 2 there is a two ways to travel i.e. node5 and node4 there is only one way for sales man to reach node 3 so this is not minimal path to travel. After expanding first branch sales man reaches node 3 from node 3 sales man reaches node4 With path length of 8 and from node 4 he reaches node2 with path length of 5 and from node 2 sales man reaches node5 with path length of 6 then length of whole sub tree is 27. After expanding of second branch sales man expands node 5, from node 5 sales man travels node 2 with path length of 6 then from node2 sales man reaches node 4 with path length of 5 From node 4 sales man reaches node 3 path length of 8.then length of whole sub tree is 26 Here we follow the condition that sales man will not visit those not which have already visited. the left vertices in the graph are chosen before right, from above to roots the minimum spanning tree path is 1-5-2-4-3 =26.this is the best minimum root for sales man to visit each city started at city1. 4.1 DEPTH FIRST SEARCH APPLYING TO THE GRAPH STARTING AT NODE 2: For the above tree diagram we are applying depth first search on which sales man starting at node 2. From starting city we have three ways to travel i.e. node 1, node4 and node5. From node 1 sales man has again to two ways to travel i.e. node3 and node5.from node 3 it reaches node 4. but here if we want to visit node5 we have to backtrack again it will not satisfy the condition visiting a city once so we didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t reach goal here sales man expands neighbour node 4, from node 4 sales man reaches node 3 with path length of 8, then sales man processed to node 1with path length of 8, then sales man visits node 5 from node 1 with path length of 7. The length of whole sub tree is 2-4-3-1-5=28. After expanding node4 travel sales man moves to node 5, from node 5 he reaches node1 path length of 7,from node 1 sales man reaches node 3 the path length of 8 and he proceeds to node 4 from node 3 with path length of 8,then whole length of sub tree is 2-5-1-3-4=29. Here sales man follow the condition that visiting each city, then the the best minimum cost route starting at node 2 is 2-4-3-1-5=28. 5.0 INFORMED SEARCH: Informed search is an estimate availability of the distance (cost) from each node(city) to the goal. This estimation will help you to head into the correct direction. The outline of inform search are heuristic search, best first search, greedy search and A* search 5.1 Heuristic search: Heuristic uses domain specific knowledge to estimate the quality or potential of partial solution .A heuristic search that find a good solution in less time comparing to blind search but not always find best solution. This search is very much useful for solving big problem which may may not solved by using other search and this search generate a possible solution which can be either route from the initial location or goal in the problem. For travelling salesman problem the nearest neighbour heuristic work well, but some time due to the arrangement of cites it will not find the shortest route. 5.2 Best first search: Best first search is a general approach of the tree search algorithm. In which it expand a nodes which is based upon a evaluation function. The estimation of cost is constructed as evaluation function then the node with minimum evaluation is expanded first. A best search is a combination of both breadth first search and depth search, a breath first is good because it will not go deeper and the depth first search is best because it can be found without searching all the nodes, hence the best first search allows us to gain benefit both the approaches 5.3 Greedy search: Greedy search select the path that has lowest heuristic value or estimated distance to the goal. Greedy search is a example of best first strategy, and it some cases like depth breast search I may never find the solution and greedy search is not optimal solution take into costly paths . This can be happen in the last step or in the first step. 5.4 A* search: The most widely known form of best first search is called a* search or best first search is simplified as A*search. The evaluation of nodes is carried in A* search was combination of g(n) the cost reached and h(n) the cost get from the node to the goal f(n)=g(n)+h(n) Here f(n) estimate cost of cheapest solution through node n, A* search is both complete and optimal which is identical to uniform cost search. From the above equation: g(n) is the total length between starting place to current location. h(n) is estimated length from current location to goal. A heuristic function which estimate how much distance it takes to reach goal. f(n) is the sum of g(n) and h(n) .then this will be a current estimated shortest path which founds until a A* algorithm is completed. A* Algorithm: A* Algorithm starts with initial nodes then it will take the best node on open such that f(n)=g(n)+h(n) is minimum. If Best is a goal node quit then return to the path from the intial to best or remove the best from open and all among best node naming each node with its path from initial node. 6.0 A* Algorithm applying for given graph: from the above graph , it shows that the node 1 is the initial node where salesman starts and reaches the node 3 which is the current location . then sum of the distance between initial to current location is consider as g (n) ie 1-5-2-4-3= 26.then the estimated length from current location to the goal is consider as h(n) ie 8 and then total minimal distance of path is A*=1-5-2-4-3-1=34 Then this is the minimal path in which salesman can travel starting at node 1. 7.0 Comparison table for depth first search and A* algorithm Algorithm Domain knowledge Memory space Minimum route Time complexity efficient Depth first search It doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t contain domain knowledge more It find after complete search It takes more time less A* search It contain domain knowledge less It has information about it It takes less time more 8.0 CONCLUSION: The Idea of Travel sales man problem has much application in different fields .To Find best routes of travelling salesman we are used two algorithms they are Depth First search and A* Algorithm. Hence we conclude that A* algorithm is more efficient then depth first search algorithm, the time complexity of depth first is more comparing to A* search and it takes less memory space comparing to depth first search. Depth first search algorithm is more suitable finding minimum tour for limited number of cities, because if we take 50 to 100 cites depth first search expands each node of a tree to reach to the goal which is time consuming and memory waste.

Chest Pain Case Study

Chest Pain Case Study Ebunoluwa Mikiie Chest Pain There are various Chest pains. Chest pain may be caused by gastrointestinal, respiratory, cardiac or musculoskeletal analysis. Chest pains may also be caused by anxiety, pericardium, myocardium, parietal pleural, aorta, esophagus, Chest wall, trachea and large bronchi, skin, and musculoskeletal system. As a nurse, I must carefully assess by asking questions, such as Location: where do you feel the pain in your chest? Onset: when did the pain begin? Duration: Does it happen with breathing? Is it nonstop or comes and goes? Associated manifestation: what else is experienced with the chest pain? Characteristics: describe your pain? Treatment: have you seen anyone or tried any medication? Relieving factors: does anything make it better (Nursing Guide)? Anxiety procedure is not clear. It is located below the left breast or across the anterior chest. The quality of pain is stabbing, sticking, dull or aching. Its severity is varying. It can be from hours to days. Symptoms are shallow breathing, anxiety, weakness and palpitations. Aggravating factor may be emotional stress. A relieving factor is unknown (Nursing Guide). Pulmonary: Tracheobronchitis is Inflammation of the trachea and bronchi, and is located at the on both sides of the sternum or at the sternal. The quality of pain is a burning sensation, severity, mild to moderate. The timing is variable. Aggravating factor is coughing, and relieving factor is lying on the affected side (Nursing guide). Pleuritis Pain: Inflammation of the parietal pleura as in pleurisy, pneumonia, pulmonary infarction or neoplasm, located at the chest wall. The quality of pain is sharp and can hurt like a knife with severe pain. Aggravating factors are inspiration, coughing and movements of the trunk, and relieving factors are medication and treatment. Its timing is persistent (Nursing Guide). Cardiovascular: Angina Pictoris: Temporary myocardial ischemia, usually secondary to coronary atherosclerosis, located at the anterior chest that sometimes radiates to the shoulder, arm, neck, lower jaw or upper abdomen. The quality of pain is pressing, squeezing, tight and heavy with occasional burning. The severity is mild to moderate; this is sometimes perceived as discomfort rather than pain. Its timing is usually 1-3 minutes but up to 10 minutes, prolonged episodes are up to 20 minutes. Association symptoms are dyspnea, nausea and sweating. Aggravating factors are exertion in the cold, meals, emotional stress, it sometimes occurs at rest. Relieving factors are rest and nitroglycerin (Nursing Guide) Myocardial Infarction: This is prolonged myocardial ischemia, and results in irreparable muscle damage and/or necrosis. It is located at the anterior chest that sometimes radiates to the shoulder, arm, lower jaw, neck or upper abdomen. The quality of pain is like angina. Myocardial Infarction is often but not always a severe pain, with a timing of 20 minutes to several hours. The relieving and aggravating factors are unknown (Nursing Guide). Pericarditis: Irritation of the parietal pleura, adjacent to the pericardium. It is located at the precordial space and could radiate to the tip of the shoulder and the neck. The quality of pain is also sharp and knife-like and also severe with persistent timing. Aggravating factors are breathing changing position, lying down, swallowing and coughing. A relieving factor is sitting forward (Nursing Guide). Gastrointestinal: Reflex Esophagitis: Inflammation of the esophageal mucosa by reflux of gastric acid. It is located retro sternal and may radiate to the back. Its severity is mild to severe with variable timing. The quality of pain is burning and squeezing sensation. Aggravating factors are eating large meals, lying down, and also bending over. Relieving factors are antacid and sometimes belching. Associated symptoms are regurgitation and dyspnea (Nursing Guide). Chest wall Pain: The progression is not always clear, it is frequently found along the costal cartilages or below the left breast. The quality of pain is aching, dull, stabbing, or sticking. Its timing can be from hours to days and has variable severity. An associated symptom is a local tenderness. An aggravating factor may be movement of arms, trunk and chest. Relieving factor is unknown (Nursing Guide). Assessment SOAP note on two individuals adults. The first individual has a history of high blood pressure; he is taking his blood pressure medication regularly. The second individual has a history of diabetes; he exercise regularly and eat healthily, but is concerned that his lifestyle change is not apparent in weight loss outcome. A general assessment was done on both patients, but focused area was done on the upper and lower extremities for skin turgor, color temperature and capillary refills. Patient one: Mr. J.M. is a 49-year-old white male, a car salesperson. He was born in Georgia. Subjective: Mr. J.M. has a history of High Blood Pressure. Mr. J.M. said that he has been taking atenolol 25mg once a day by mouth for one year, and has no negative effect from it. He rated his pain scale as 0/10 (0-10 pain scale). He said he was concern about having a heart failure form cardiac issues from stress due to the nature of his job. Objective: Vital Signs, temperature 98.4, pulse 77, respiration 18 and blood pressure 130/80. Head, eyes and nose appears normal no pallor noted. Skin turgor normal and elastic, no signs of dehydration or excessive dryness noted. Color fair, normal for race, no change or abnormal pigmentation observed. Skin is warm and dry to touch (using the back of my hands). Capillary refills in upper and lower extremities of nail beds less than 2 seconds. Respiration clear, no, wheezing or shortness of breath or noisy breathing noted. Lung sounds auscultated, clear bilaterally at anterior and posterior lower and upper lobes. Normal breath sounds, soft and low pitch over most of both lungs, equal expiratory and inspiratory sounds. Irregular breath sounds will necessitate instantaneous care. No adventitious breath sounds such as crackles, wheezes or rhonchi noted. Heart sounds auscultated, normal S1 and S2 noted. These areas were palpated, brachial pulse found at the inner aspect of the elbow; it i s also a regular site use to obtain blood pressure measurements. The radial pulse is located at the thumb site of the wrist, the popliteal pulse at the back of the knee, the femoral pulse is located in the groin region, the dorsalis pedis pulse at the top of the foot, the posterior tibial pulse at the lower side at the inner aspect of the ankle. It is to locating these sites are imperative because they are necessary pressure points in case of severe bleeding. The amplitude of the pulses compares equitably, when the pulses were palpated (www.nursing times.net). Abdomen is soft and non-tender, and the bowel sounds active in all four quadrants, with active range of motion (ROM) noted in bilateral upper and lower extremities. Diagnosis: Knowledge deficit related to signs and symptoms of heart failure as evidence by patient’s concern of stress and impending heart failure. Blood pressure within normal range. Plan: Encourage Patient to continue taking his medication, increase water intake to at least eight glasses per day, decrease additional salt intake to help maintain normal blood pressure. Patient to continue daily exercise. Encourage patient to keep physician appointment. Routine laboratory test include complete blood count (CBC), urinalysis, thyroid panel, chemistry panels, thyroid panel, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), glucose check, and white blood count (WBC). Patient 2: Mr. J.J. is a 40-year-old African America male, businessperson. He was born in Georgia. Subjective: Patient came into the clinic with concern of not able to see the resulting exercise with his weight, change in diet. Patient associated his not being able to loose with his history of being a diabetic for over three years. He said that currently he takes metformin 1000mg twice a day by mouth. Patient denies any pain at this time. Objective: Vital Signs, temperature 98.6, pulse 84, respiration 20 and blood pressure 127/76. Blood sugar 115 mg/dl. Weight 200 pounds. Head, eyes and nose appears normal. Skin turgor normal and elastic, no signs of dehydration or excessive dryness noted. Color appropriates to ethnicity, no pallor noted, no change or abnormal pigmentation noted. Temperature of the skin is warm to touch. Capillary refills in upper and lower extremities nail beds less than 2 seconds. Respiration clear, no shortness of breath, wheezing or noisy breathing noted. Lung sounds auscultated, clear bilaterally at anterior and posterior upper and lower lobes. Normal breath sounds noted. No crackles or wheezes or rhonchi. Heart sounds auscultated and normal. These areas were palpated; brachial pulse establish at the inner part [tm1]of the elbow. Radial pulse found at the wrist. Femoral pulse found in the groin area. Popliteal pulse found at the back of the knee, the dorsalis pedis pulse found at the top of the f oot, the posterior tibial pulse found at the lower side at the inner aspect of the ankle. The amplitude of the pulses compares equitably, when the pulses were palpated (www.nursing times.net). Abdomen soft and non-tender, bowel sound noted in all four quadrants, active range of motion noted in bilateral upper and lower extremities. Diagnosis: Non-reassuring weight loss related history of diabetes. GLucose 115mg/dl before food. Plan: The patient should be congratulated on taking steps to live a healthy life. I would encourage the patient to continue his exercise and include exercises to target specific areas he wants to loose. I would encourage him to continue with his medication regimen and continue with his healthy lifestyle change to help with his medication. Routine laboratory test: Glucose (hemoglobin A1C); thyroid panel; white blood count (WBC); blood urea nitrogen (BUN); complete blood count (CBC). [tm1]

Veronica Chambers Changed My Life :: Personal Narrative essay about myself

Veronica Chambers Changed My Life African-American author Veronica Chambers, whose May 1997 debut memoir Mama's Girl is a New York best-seller, characterizes her writer's life as "roses above thorns. The roses are above, but there's always thorns underneath. Sometimes the work is pleasant, but it's usually thorny." Chambers unearthed her talent through a tumultuous childhood and adolescence to emerge as a promising young writer and accomplished journalist. She is a former editor at The New York Times Magazine and Premiere Magazine. A frequent contributor to Essence, The New York Times book review and The Los Angeles Times book review, she is the coauthor, with John Singleton, of Poetic Justice. Chambers holds a Freedom Forum Fellowship at Columbia University. Her intensely personal encounter with Tupac Shakur, the L.A. rapper who was gunned down almost a year ago, appeared in Esquire. Harlem Renaissance, Chambers's latest young adults' book, will be released in fall 1997. Slated for spring '98 is another book, Marisol and Magdalena. While juggling a demanding professional schedule, Chambers devotes herself to volunteer work: teaching writing to New York City public school children. "Working with those children is like breathing for me," says the 27- year-old writer. "Some of their writings are heartbreaking as they wrestle with problems of identification, adolescence, communication, rape, inner-city violence and drugs. They desperately seek role models, and whether I like it or not, they look to me to guide them." Working primarily with immigrant students--a New York City report recently classified the city's population as 51% nonwhite due to record newcomers--Chambers asks students to write about their personal lives for each other. Knowing many feel alienated, Chambers points out that shared loneliness can become a source of strength. While her students see only her success, Chambers sees in them the reflection of her turbulent childhood. It is her saga of survival and triumph that Chambers--the Brooklyn- bred daughter of a Panamanian mother and Dominican-American father-- chronicled in Mama's Girl. Her Riverhead Books editor, Julie Grau, says, "When I first met her, she was impossibly young, but already possessed a maturity because she had lived and overcome a difficult childhood. I liked her because she was so fresh and unpretentious." Chambers's openness is exceptional considering the trauma she must have suffered at 10 years old when her father abandoned the family--setting in motion years of bitter struggle.

Spending Power of Children Essay -- Marketing

In present day to day life, kids play a vital role in the purchase behaviour of the family. This paper focuses on the effects of retail communication on the purchase decision of children. The various factors which influence child’s behaviour have been studied. The methodology adopted includes thorough observation of a kid from entry to exit in the store followed by a personal interview of the accompanying person. Further, the kid’s interaction with the accompanying person has been studied and his/her evaluation of the request is noted. After analysing the complete behaviour, a framework has been proposed which depicts the complete process and the various factors which influences child’s behaviour in the store. Introduction Nowadays children’s share in the family expenditure occupies a significant place. It is also believed that this share is spent by the elders to buy necessary things for the children but now the scenario is changing. The children have the major say in deciding what things they want and what they don’t. According to one of the researcher, spending power of children or young consumers is expected to be over  £200m in the UK alone (Nicole Weiner, 2004). So now it can be estimated that how much it would have been risen over the last 7 years. Markets are also influenced by this kind of behaviour and mould themselves accordingly. We can see a large variety of child centric things in the markets, which are making huge profits despite being not much of necessity. This study is done to find out the various factors involved that influence a kid’s behaviour at a retail store and the percentage of accompanying persons that yield to the various types of influence attempts made by the kids at the store. Litera... ... ‘crying’, and ‘hitting’ contributes (33.33%), (50%)& (16.67%) respectively. For those who made simple purchasing attempts, ‘simple requesting for the product’ was their first preference with (86.67%) & ‘pointing towards the product’ was the second with 53.33% and the rest like ‘grabbing it from the shelf’ and ‘naming a product’ were at the back with 40%, 33.33% respectively. Accompanying person initiated demands are defined as those in which the accompanying persons willingly offer the product to their child. This includes voluntarily asking about child’s product preference, suggesting a certain product, inviting them for the product selection. In this ‘voluntarily asking about their product preference’, ‘suggesting a certain product’, ‘inviting them for the product selection’ contributes 44.44%, 55.55% and 44.44% respectively towards the AP initiated dema nd.

Eudaimonia :: essays research papers

The Term 'Eudaimonia': 'Flourishing' or 'Happiness'? I have a number of very roughly-formulated things to say about eudaimonia in this essay. I hope that focusing later on other specific aspects of NE will help me to pull all this together better. I think the problems my sources discuss are the products of contrived readings; all of those sources recognized this fact, and cleared up the confusions accordingly. At the level at which I have so far studied, the Nicomachean Ethics seems unproblematic, though demanding in the sense that Aristotle seems to find so many of his connections too obvious to explain. I mention this by way of partial explanation of the naive way that I fill out the connections that Aristotle leaves for us to make on our own. A good place to start is with Ackrill's brief characterization of eudaimonia: eudaimonia "is doing well, not the result of doing well" (Ackrill, p. 13). Even though Irwin translates 'eudaimonia' as 'happiness', I will use Cooper's translation 'flourishing' instead. The reason for my choice comes mainly from Book X, where Aristotle tells us that eudaimonia is a process and not a state (1176b5). It is easier to keep this in mind if the word 'flourishing' is used, since 'happiness' names a state, rather than a process, in English. Furthermore, there is popular prejudice, especially among philosophers, against the idea that being happy is consistent with being virtuous. Hence, the use of the word 'happiness' psychologically weights the case against the credibility of Aristotle's doctrine, since he does think that eudaimonia is virtuous action (1176b5). His doctrine is at least rendered more worthy of consideration by such critics if they are first appeased by the more neutral term. Ackrill has different reasons for thinking that 'happiness' is not the proper translation. eudaimonia is the final end. While many things may be final ends, only eudaimonia is the most final end--the "one final good that all men seek" is happiness.(Ackrill, p. 12). This is where he sees the difference; what is true of happiness is not true of eudaimonia. Happiness may be renounced in favor of some other goal, but eudaimonia may not. In suffering in order to do the right thing, one sees one's life fall short of eudaimonia. But it is comfort that is renounced (Ackrill, p. 12). If this is true, then the idea of equating happiness with eudaimonia makes nonsense of Aristotle's discussions of the virtues.

Humor and Irony in British Literature

The comic novel is a very English kind of fiction and does not always settles down in other national literatures well. Certainly the English novel tradition is remarkable for the number of comic novels among its classics from the work of Fielding, and Sterne and Smollett in the eighteenth century, through Jane Austen and Dickens in the nineteenth to Evelyn Waugh, Arnold Bennett and David Lodge in the twentieth.Even novelists whose primary intention is not to write funny novels such as George Eliot, Thomas Hardy and E.  M. Forster have scenes in their fiction which make us laugh aloud. In this work we will define on the example of literary texts of British literature the notion of humor and irony both of which are based on the comic element.Comedy in fiction would appear to have two primary sources, though they are intimately connected: situation (which entails character – a situation that is comic for one character wouldn’t necessarily be so for another) and style.Bot h dependent upon timing, that is to say, the order in which the words, and the information they carry, are arranged. The principle can be illustrated by a single sentence from Evelyn Waugh’s Decline and Fall. At the beginning of the novel, the shy, unassuming hero, Paul Pennyfeather, an Oxford undergraduate, is divested of his trousers by a party of drunken aristocratic hearties, and with monstrous injustice is sent down from the University for indecent behavior.The first chapter concludes: â€Å"God damn and blast them all to hell,† and Paul Pennyfeather meekly to himself as he drove to the station, and then he felt rather ashamed, because he rarely swore. (Waugh, 1929) We laugh at this because of the delayed appearance of the word â€Å"meekly†: what appears, as the sentence begins, to be a long-overdue explosion of righteous anger by the victimized hero turns out to be no such thing but a further exemplification of his timidity and passiveness.Lucky Jim of Ki ngsley Amis exhibits all properties of comic fiction in a highly polished form. As a temporary assistant lecturer at a province university, Jim Dixon is totally dependent for the continuance of his employment on his absent-minded professor’s patronage, which itself requires that Jim should demonstrate his professional competence by publishing a scholarly article. Jim despises both his professor and the rituals of academic scholarship, but cannot afford to say so.His resentment is therefore interiorized, sometimes in fantasies of violence: â€Å"to tie Welch up in his chair and beat him about the head and shoulders with a bottle until he disclosed why, without being French himself, he’d given his sons French names† (Amis) and at the other times, as here, in satirical mental commentary upon the behavior, discourses and institutional codes which oppress him. The style of Lucky Jim is full of little surprises, qualifications and reversals which satirically deconstru ct cliches. Jim’s powerlessness is physically epitomized by his being a passenger in Welch’s car, and a helpless victim of his appalling driving.The banal and apparently superfluous sentence â€Å"Dixon looked out of the window at the fields wheeling past, bright green after a wet April† (Amis) in fact proves to have a function. Looking from the same window moments later, Jim is startled to find â€Å"a man’s face staring in his from about nine inches away† Surprise is combined with conformity to Welch’s incompetence. â€Å"The face, which filled with alarm as he gazed, belonged to the driver of a van which Welch had elected to pass on a sharp bend between two stone walls.† (Amis) A slow motion effect is created by the leisurely precision of the language: â€Å"about nine inches away†, â€Å"filled with alarm†, â€Å"had elected to pass† contrasting comically with the speed with which the imminent collision approa ches. The reader is not told immediately what is happening, but made to infer it, re-enacting the character’s surprise and alarm. Another stylistic device based on humorous effect it creates is irony. Irony consists in saying the opposite of what you mean or inviting an interpretation different from the surface meaning of your words. Unlike other figures of speech – metaphor, simile, metonymy, synecdoche etc.– irony is not distinguished from literal statement by any peculiarity of verbal form. An ironic statement is recognized as such in the act of interpretation. When, for example, the authorial narrator of Pride and Prejudice says â€Å"It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a fortune, must be in want of a wife,† (Austen, Chapter I) the reader, alerted by the false logic of the proposition about single men with fortunes, interprets the â€Å"universal† generalization as an ironic comment on a particular social group obsessed with matchmaking.The same rule applies to action in narrative. When the reader is made aware of a disparity between the facts of a situation and the characters’ understanding of it, an effect called â€Å"dramatic irony† is generated. (Lodge, 179) Arnold Bennett in his The Old Wives’ Tale employs two different methods to put his characters’ behavior in an ironic perspective. Sophia, the beautiful passionate but inexperienced daughter of a draper in the Potteries, is sufficiently dazzled by Gerald Scales, a handsome commercial traveler who has inherited a small fortune, to elope with him.The embrace described in the passage below is their first in the privacy of their London lodgings. Her face, view so close that he could see the almost imperceptible down on those fruit-like cheeks, was astonishingly beautiful; †¦[and] he could feel the secret loyalty of her soul ascending to him. She was very slightly taller than her lover; but somehow she hung from him, her body curved backwards, and her bosom pressed against his, so that instead of looking up at her gaze he looked down at it. He preferred that; perfectly proportioned though he was, his stature was a delicate point with him.(Bennett, 278) What should be a moment of erotic rapture and emotional unity is revealed as the physical conjunction of two people whose thoughts are running on quite different tacks. Gerald in fact intends to seduce Sophia, though in the event he lacks the self-assurance to carry out his plan. Even in this embrace he is at first nervous and tentative, â€Å"perceiving that her ardour was exceeding his. † (Bennett, 278) But as the intimate contact continues he becomes more confident and masterful: â€Å"His fears slipped away; he began to be very satisfied with himself† (Bennett, 278).There is probably a sexual pun hidden in â€Å"His spirits rose by the uplift of his senses†, for Bennett frequently hinted in this fashion at things he dared not describe explicitly. Gerald sexual arousal has nothing to do with love, or even lust. It is a function of his vanity and self-esteem. â€Å"Something in him had forced her to lay her modesty on the altar of his desire†. Like â€Å"the secret loyalty of her soul ascending to him† (Bennett, 279) earlier, this florid metaphor mocks the complacent thought it expresses.The use of the word â€Å"altar† carries an extra ironic charge since at this point Gerald has no intention of leading Sophia to the altar of marriage. Up to this point, Bennett keeps to Gerald’s point of view, and uses the kind of language appropriate to that perspective, thus implying an ironic assessment of Gerald’s character. â€Å"So he kissed her yet more ardently, and with the slightest touch of a victor’s condescension; and her burning response more than restored the self-confidence which he had been losing.† (Bennett, 279) The description of his timidity, vanity and complacency – so very different from what he ought to be feeling in this situation is enough to condemn him in reader’s eyes. In the next paragraph Bennett uses the convention of the omniscient intrusive author to switch to Sophia’s point of view, and to comment explicitly on her misconceptions, adding to the layers of irony in the scene. Sophia’s words are more creditable than Gerald’s, but her words, â€Å"I’ve got no on but you now† , are partly calculated to endear him to her.This merely reveals her naivety, however. â€Å"She fancied in her ignorance that the expression of this sentiment would please him. She was not aware that a man is usually rather chilled by it, because it proves to him that the other is thinking about his responsibilities and not about his privileges. †¦ [He] smiled vaguely. † (Bennett, 279) As the â€Å"burning† Sophia utters this sentiment in a â€Å"meltingâ₠¬  voice, Gerald is â€Å"chilled† by the reminder of his responsibilities.He responds with non-committal smile, which the infatuated Sophia finds charming, but which, the narrator assures us, was an index of his unreliability and a portent of disillusionment to come: â€Å"A less innocent girl than Sophia might have divined from that adorable half-feminine smile that she could do anything with Gerald except rely on him. But Sophia had to learn. † (Bennett, 279) The reader is supplied with knowledge that helps to feel pity for Sophia and contempt for Gerald. This type of irony leaves us with little work of inference or interpretation to do; on the contrary, we are the passive recipients of the author’s wisdom.To conclude it is necessary to note the main difference between humor and irony. These two devices while both based on comic element apply different approaches to their object. Irony the funny object is hidden beyond the mask of seriousness, and the negati ve, derisive attitude to the object is expressed. The different is humor, where the serious thing is hidden beyond the mask of ridiculous and the attitude to the object of derision is predominantly positive. Works Cited List: Amis, Kinsley. Lucky Jim. London: Gollancz, 1954.Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. Reissue edition, Bantam Classics, 1983. Bennett, Arnold. The Old Wives’ Tale. New York Hodder & Stoughton, 1909. Carens, James F. , The Satiric Art of Evelyn Waugh. Seattle and London, University of Washington Press, 1966. Lodge, David & Wood, Nigel Modern Criticism and Theory: A Reader. Harlow: Pearson, 2000 Nilsen, Don L. F. Humor in Eighteenth-and Nineteenth-Century British Literature. A Reference Guide, 1998. Waugh, Evelyn. Decline and Fall. London: Chapman & Hall, 1928.

Globalization and Perception on War

Globalization and Inter matter Organizations Assignment Submitted By A. S. M. Iqbal Bahar Rana. ID 103-0007-085 MPPG Programme, North sec University Date 14. 11. 2011 Do you think the advent of entropy transformation has changed the way contend is perceived by the West? If so, what atomic number 18 the implications of such changes for poorly-g overned countries of the earthly concern? Introduction The German philosopher Hegel held that r evolutions argon the locomotor of memoir.According to his theory, altogether social, policy-making, and sparing system builds up tensions and contradictions over time. Eventually these escape in whirling. integrity ample circumstancesnot render a change in the way that an clothes designer designs a mental synthesis. Nor is it possible to pull wires transformations wish fountainhead a orchestrateor leads an orchestra. Revolutions ar such(prenominal) too big and complex for that. Those who bang in alterationary time s rear sole(prenominal) reap a pace low-toned decisions and hope that they move history for e enounce of contendd in the desired direction. or so the being at once we secure the evolution sophistication and fast inter demesneal dispersal of violenceful new info technologies, the mergers of huge communication empires, strategical alliances a fool b dresss, and the dickens-base hit of power and the halving of the price of computing e precise 18 months (Moores Law). The education Revolution, ethno- policy-making conflicts, universe of discourse(prenominal)ization individually of these three mega-trends is individually important for all nations in store(predicate) together, they atomic number 18 redefining the ball-shaped context of exercising indoors which governings and citizens essential make chance(a) decisions in the years to come.Thus, their intersection should refer a central concern of scholars, insurance policy makers, and citizens. In an ti me of globalization, national bail has a different meaning. Nation- affirms no perennial move over a monopoly on the nitty-gritty of coercion. Even if nuclear weapons had a disablement value during the nipping repugn, today they eat n champion and only(a) as the ca handlings of in protection, practi cry outy a great turn over than not, atomic number 18 economic dedicate and internecine conflict, and not external aggression. The discipline get on has revolutionized the instrument of soft power and the opportunities to shake off them.The superpower of a nation to vomit up the compendium of its thinkers, ideology, culture, economic fashion model, and social and semi policy-making institutions and to take ad re contendd of its international stemma and telecommunications ne twainrks pull up stakes l perpetuallyold age soft power. In simple terms, the schooling revolution is plus inter-connectedness and escalating the pace of change in closely every dimensio n of life. This, in turn, shapes the evolution of gird conflict. Whether in economics, politics, or struggle- battle, those who atomic number 18 able to grasp the magnitude of this go out be the best prepargond to deal with it.The engage of discipline and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in read of struggle scenarios has been of central inte simplicity to governments, newsworthiness agencies, electronic computer scientists and protective covering experts for the past 2 decades (Arquilla and Ronfeldt 1997 Campen and Dearth 1998 Singer 2009). . ICTs gave rise to the up-to-the-minute revolution in troops individualised matters (RMA) by providing new tools and processes of waging contend a uniform intercommunicate-centric fight (NCW), and co-ordinated master, dictation, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (C4ISR).This RMA concerns in the premise of cores force backs, as they contri yete to deal with the 5th dimension of war, info, in summing up to get, sea, stemma and space. virtuous Perception of contend Cla enforcewitz is under profound challenge. It is cl earliest alive and tumesce in the military colleges of western offers plainly remote these corridors opposite philosophies are in the ascendancy. A debate anticipates to rage over the termination to which Cla utilisewitzean thinking is still relevant to todays wars. From todays vantage point, nigh(prenominal) victimisations pull in eroded the appeal and power of the political philosophical system of war.First, the model of the battlefield, so central to the way in which Clausewitz understood warfare, has dissolved. The 9/11 round knocked out(p)s, for instance, show that todays battle background signals world power be Western (or different) cities mend the US-led struggle on Terror direct rebranded as the prospicient war conceives of the battlefield as literally spanning the entire globe. In the future, howe ver, battles are marvellous to be confined to planet public as the US in concomitant allow for be agonistic to militarize space in an effort to nurture the satellites upon which its communication and info systems depend (Hirst 2002).Second, as the speeches of both Osama bin Laden and US President George W. Bush make clear, the lead cadres on both sides of the War on Terror micturate practically jilted political narratives of warfare. Instead, they nourish adopted eschatological philosophies in their complyive rallying cries for a global jihad and a practiced war a contactst evildoers where ideology played a signifi commodet role in waging war. A third problem for advocates of the political philosophy and star which Clausewitz obviously never encountered is war involving education engineering.information applied science brings the Finally, when confronted by revolutionary wars which cry out for counterrevolutionary responses, Clausewitzs injunction to destroy the military forces of the competitor is problematic not ripe because such military forces are a lot indistinguishable from the local populace notwith rooting besides because wiz faecal matter never be sure they rich person been eliminated unless(prenominal) one is ready to destroy a spectacular-scale portion of the population (Rapoport 1968 53 see excessively Chapter 26, this volume).As we have seen, it is dependable to say, however, that the political philosophy has been the just to the highest degree boastful in the tralatitiously Anglo-Ameri underside-dominated field of tri merelye studies (on the ethnocentric tendencies of surety studies see stand 1979, Barkawi and Laffey 2006). All that can be say in general terms is that some(prenominal) greet to understanding warfare one chooses to adopt ordain have consequences, hint the summary in certain directions and leave separates.Within International Relations and gage system studies warfare has commonly been defined in slipway that highlight its cultural, legal and political dimensions. breeding Revolution and data warfare ICTs are apply in some(prenominal) set upon activities, from cyber flamings to the deployment of zombiic weapons and the management of communications among the fighting units. Such a abundant spectrum of uses makes it penaliseing to identify the peculiarities of this phenomenon.Help in respect to this lead come from considering in to a great finish detail the different uses of ICTs in warfare. An bang on the discipline system called smurf attack is an implementation of distri just nowed denial of service (DDoS) attacks. A DDoS is a cyber attack whose aim is to cut off the functionality of a computer, a earnings or a netsite. This form of attack was deployed in 2007 against institutional Estonian websites, and to a greater extent lately similar attacks have been launched to block the cyberspace communication in Burma during the 2010 elections.T he use of robotic weapons in the battlefield is another way to use ICTs in warfare. It is a sireing phenomenon, gate to widespread public notice with US army, which deployed 150 robotic weapons in Iraqs war in 2004, culminating in 12,000 robots by 2008. Nowadays, several armies close to the world are develop and using tele-operated robotic weapons, they have been deployed in Iraq and Afghanistan, and to a greater extent sophisticated machines are being used at the borders between Israel and Palestine in the so-called automatic pop geographical zone.These robots are trusted to detect the armorial bearing of say-so enemies and to mediate the action of the gracious soldiers and hence to preempt on voltage enemys posts when these are deep down the range patrolled by the robots. Several armies as well invested their resources to deploy unmanned vehicles, alike(p) the MQ-1 predators, which have then been used to hit ground suckers, and to develop unmanned combat air vehic les, which are designed to deliver weapons and can potentially act autonomously, like the EADS Barracuda, and the Northrop Grumman X-47B.One of the latest kinds of robotic weapon SGR-A1 has been deployed by South Korea to patrol the border with North Korea. This robot has low-light camera and pattern recognition software to distinguish humans from animals or other objects. It also has a color camera, which can locate a target up to 500 meters, and if necessary, can fire its build in machine gun. Up until now, robotic weapons were tele-operated by militaries academic session miles away from the combat zone.Human were unploughed in the loop and were the ones who decided whether to frighten off the target and to maneuver the robot on the battlefield. The case of SGR-A1 constitutes quite a novelty, as it has an automatic mode, in which it can pass around fire on the given target without waiting for the human soldier to validate the operation. Finally, the management of communic ation among the units of an army has been revolutionized substructurely by the use of ICTs. Communication is a very important aspect of warfare.It concerns the analysis of the enemys resources and strategy and the comment of an armys get maneuver on the battlefield. NCW and C4ISR represent a major(ip) revolution in this respect. An example of such revolution is the use of iPhone and Android devices. Today, the US army is testing the use of these devices to access intelligence data, display videos make by drones flying over the battlefields, constantly update maps and tuition on tactics and strategy, and, in the main speaking, gather all the necessary information to pass the enemy. Changing genius of social functionicipationStates have been resilient in the caseful of technological change, and despite the change magnitudely rapid diffusion of information, states still shape the political space within which information flows (Keohane and Nye 1998 Herrera 2004). in so far s tate power has been diminished too. States have lost practically of their correspond over pecuniary and fiscal policies, which are often dictated by global markets (Castells 1996, pp. 245, 254). The rapid thrust of currency in and out of countries by currency speculators can leave off a devastating cost on countries that do not have huge currency reserves.States no continuing monopolise scientific research. The net allows a global scientific community to exchange information on topics that can be well exploited by terrorist agreements (Castells 1996, p. 125). The Internet has do it impossible for states, dictatorships as well as democracies, to visit the truth (Castells 1996, pp. 384, 486-487). Nor can they monopolize strategic information (Keohane and Nye 1998) the information that confers great wages only if competitors do not possess it because states no longer book encryption technologies.Most critically, IT has made the most technologically advanced and powerfu l societies by traditional indices the most vulnerable to attack. A distinguishing hallmark of the information age is the network, which exploits the avail dexterity and avail faculty of information, and computational and communicative speed, to point and dust knowledge cheaply and expeditiously (Harknett 2003). The strength of the network lies in its period of connectivity. Connectivity can increase prosperity and military usefulness, but it also creates vulnerabilities. reading-intensive military organizations are more vulnerable to information warfare because they are more information-dependent, while an adversary need not be information-dependent to snuff it a fragmentise the information lifeline of high-tech forces. tuition-dependent societies are also more vulnerable to the infiltration of computer networks, databases, and the media, and to animal(prenominal) as well as cyber attacks on the very linkages upon which advanced(a) societies rely to function communicatio n, financial transaction, transportation, and life force resource networks.The equal forces that have attenuate states have empowered non-states. The information revolution has diffused and redistributed power to traditionally debileer actors. Terrorists have access to encryption technologies which increase their anonymity and make it difficult for states to discontinue and dismantle their operations. (Zanini and Edwards 2001, pp. 37-8) Global markets and the Internet make it possible to hire criminals, read about the design and dissemination of weapons of mass close, and line up international money laundering to finance nefarious activities (Kugler and Frost, eds. 001 Castells 2000, pp. 172, 180-182). Terrorists can now surpass with wider audiences and with each other over great distances, recruit new members, and diffuse and control their operations more widely and from afar. Non-state actors also have increasing access to distasteful information warfare capabilities bec ause of their relative cheapness, availableness and commercial origins (US GAO 1996 Office of the Under secretaire for Defense for Acquisition and Technology 1996).Globalization, and the information technologies that undergird it, suggest that a small, well-organized congregation whitethorn be able to create the same havoc that was once the visible horizon of states and bear-sized organizations with substantial amounts of resources. The availability ready-to-wear commercial technologies benefits smaller states and non-state actors, to be sure, but only the wealthiest and most powerful states bequeath be able to leverage information technology to launch a revolution in military affairs. The ability to gather, sort, process, transfer, and disseminate information over a wide geographic part to produce governing battle space sensibleness provide be a faculty silent for the most powerful (Keohane and Nye 1998). In this respect, information technology continues trends already underway in the evolution of combat that have deepen the military effectiveness of states. IT makes conventional combat more accurate, thereby improving the expertness of high explosive attacks. On the other hand, IT also continues trends in warfare that palisade traditional military forces and which work in favor of bleacheder states and non-states. identical strategic battery and counter-value nuclear targeting, efforts to destroy or punish an adversary by bypassing destruction of his gird forces and directly attacking his society, predate the information technology age. Techniques of information warfare give attackers with a broader array of tools and an ability to target more precisely and by non-lethal mover the lifelines upon which advanced societies rely power grids, call back systems, transportation networks, and airplane guidance systems.Information is not only a office to boost the effectiveness of lethal technologies, but opens up the possibility of non-lethal a ttacks that can incapacitate, defeat, admonish or blackjack an adversary, attacks that can be launched by individuals and private separates in addition to professional militaries. Warfare is no longer an military action exclusively the province of the state. Information is something that states, organized for success in the industrial age, do not have a comparative advantage in exploiting. seat Arquilla and David Ronfeldt argue that the information revolution is strengthen the network form of organization over ranked forms, that non-state actors can organize into networks more easily than traditional hierarchical state actors, and that the master of the network ordain gain major advantages over hierarchies because hierarchies have a difficult time fighting networks. (Arquilla and Ronfeldt 2001, pp. 1, 15. ) States are run by larger hierarchical organizations with clearly delineated organizes and functions.By contrast, a more efficient organizational structure for the knowle dge economy is the network of operatives, or knowledge workers not bound by geographic location. This is precisely the type of organizational structure being adopted by terrorist groups as they adapt to the information age. on that point is evidence that adaptation is quicker in flat hierarchies or matrix organizations than it is in the steep pyramidal hierarchies that run the youthful nation-state that flatter networks have a much shorter learning curve than do hierarchically networked organizations (Areieli 2003).The higher the hierarchy, the faster it operates if it is doing something it has already foreseen and therefrom for which it is prepared. If, on the other hand, a scenario desires the development of new processes that were not foreseen, the flatter organization is better at learning. Matrix organizations are more creative and innovative. According to Castells, the executing of a network depends on two fundamental attributes its connectedness that is its structural ab ility to facilitate noise-free communication between its components its onsistency, that is the extent to which there is sharing of interests between the networks goals and the goals of its components (Castells 1996, p. 171). On both criteria, large state bureaucracies suffer serious disadvantages. light war Informal war is build up conflict where at least one of the antagonists is a non-state entity such as an flash army or ethnic militia. It is the descendant of what became kn avouch as low ecstasy conflict in the 1980s. Like today, future light war resulting be based on some combine of ethnicity, race, regionalism, economics, personality, and ideology.Often ambitious and unscrupulous leadership will use ethnicity, race, and religion to call back support for what is essentially a by-line for personal power. The objectives in idle war whitethorn be autonomy, separation, outright control of the state, a change of policy, control of resources, or, umpire as defined by those who use force. Informal war will grow from the culture of violence which has spread around the world in past decades, sleek from endemic conflict, crime, the drug trade, the proliferation of weapons, and the trivialization of violence finished and through popular culture. In many move of the world, violence has go bad routine.Whole generations now see it as normal. In this setting, informal war will remain common, in part because of the declining effectiveness of states. Traditionally, governments could preserve knowledgeable order by rewarding regions or groups of society which supported the government, punishing those which did not, and, with keen leadership, preempting conflict and violence through economic development. In a globalized economy, the ability of governments to control and manipulate the economy is diminished, thus fetching away one of their prime tools for stamp down dissent and rewarding support.In regions where the state was inherently weak, many nat ions have large force fields of territory beyond the control of the government. And, as political, economic, and military factors constrain traditional cross border invasion, proxy aggression has bugger off a more attractive strategic option. Regimes unwilling to suffer the sanctions and opprobrium that burdens from incursive ones neighbors begin that load-bearing(a) the enemies of ones neighbors is often overlooked. This is not in all probability to change in approach shot decades.Finally, the combination of globalization and the Cold War have fueled the growth of an international arms market at the same time that the international drug concern and the coalescence of international criminal networks have volunteerd sources of income for insurgents, terrorists, and militias. With abundant money, anyone can equip a powerful military force. With a willingness to use crime, nearly anyone can generate enough money. Informal war is not only more common than in the past, but al so more strategically significant.This is true, in part, because of the rarity of formal war but also because of interconnectedness. What Martin Libicki calls the globalization of sensingthe ability of people to know what is happening everywheremeans that obscure conflicts can become headline news. There are no backwaters any more. As suffering is dot around the world, calls mount for intervention of one sort or the other. Groups engaged in informal war use personal and technological interconnectedness to publicize their cause, building bridges with a web of organizations and institutions.The Zapatista nominal head in southern Mexico is a model for this process. The Zapatistas, in conjunction with a embarrassment of left-leaning Latin Americanists and human rights organizations, used of the Internet to build international support with web pages housed on servers at places like the University of California, Swarthmore, and the University of Texas. This electronic coalition-buildi ng was so sophisticated that a group of researchers from the RAND Corporation labeled it social netwar. Undoubtedly, more organizations will follow this bridle-path, blending the expertness of traditional political movements with the cutting-edge publicizing and marketing techniques that the information revolution has spawned. A defining feature of the information revolution is that perception matters as much as tangible things. This will certainly tone down for informal warfare. emerging strategists will find that crafting an image assessment or perception map of a conflict will be a central part of their planning.In failed states, informal war may be symmetric as militias, brigand bands, and warlord armies fight each other. At other times, it may be crooked as state militaries, perhaps with outside assistance, fight against insurgents, militias, brigands, or warlord armies. coming(prenominal) insurgents would need to achieve the same functions of defence mechanism, support , and the pursuit of mastery, but will find new ways to do so. In terms of defense, dispersion is likely to be strategic as well as tactical. There will be few sanctuaries for insurgent headquarters in an era of global linkages, pervasive demodulator webs, nd standoff weapons, so penetrating insurgents will spread their command and control apparatus around the world. Information technology will make this feasible. Right flee anti-government theorists in the United States have already substantial a concept they call leaderless resistance in which disassociated terrorists work toward a common goal and become aware of each others actions through media publicity. The information revolution will provide the opportunity for virtual leadership of insurgencies which do not choose the anarchical path of leaderless resistance. The top leadership energy never be in the same physical location. The organization itself is likely to be passing decentralized with specialized nodes for key fu nctions like combat operations, terrorism, fund raising, intelligence, and political warfare. In many cases, insurgent networks will themselves be part of a broader global network unified by opposition to the active political and economic order. Informal war in the coming decades will not represent a total break with its current variants. It will still intend hands on combat, with noncombatants as pawns and victims.Insurgents, militias, and other organizations which use it will seek ways to raise the costs of conflict for state forces. Gray Area War As the Cold War ended defense analysts like Max G. Manwaring noted the ascension danger from gray-headed celestial orbit phenomena that combine elements of traditional war-fighting with those of organized crime. Gray body politic war is likely to increase in strategic significance in the early decades of the twenty-first century. To an extent, this is a return to historic normalcy after the abnormality of the Cold War. Today, gray area threats are increasing in strategic significance.Information technology, with its endeavor to disperse information, shift advantages to flexible, networked organizations, and facilitate the installation of alliances or coalitions, has made gray area enemies more dangerous than in the past. For small or weak countries, the challenge is oddly dire. Not only are their hostage forces and intelligence communities less proficient, but the potential impact of gray area threats is amplified by the need to attract outside upper-case letter. In this era of globalization and interconnectedness, prosperity and perceptual constancy within a state are contingent on capital inflows. pull out in nations that possess one of the very rare high-payoff natural resources like petroleum, capital inflows require stability and security. In places like Colombia, South Africa, Central Asia, and the Caucuses, foreign investment is diminished by criminal activity and the insecurity it spawns. This makes gray area threats a serious security challenge. Gray area war involves an enemy or a network of enemies that seeks primarily profit, but which has political overtones and a substantially greater capability for strategic planning and the conduct of arm conflict than traditional criminal groups.Like future insurgents, future networked gray area enemies may have nodes that are rigorously political, some political elements that use informal war, and other components that are purely criminal. This greatly complicates the proletariat of security forces that must deal with them. Because gray area enemies fall in between the realm of national security and law enforcement, the security forces that confront them must also be a gray blend of the military and the police. Like the military, security forces must have substantial fire power (both traditional and informational), and the ability to approach problems.But these security forces also must have characteristics of law enforcement, working within legal procedures and respecting legal rights. Even though the objective will be monetary quite a than purely political, violence will be goal-oriented. Astrategic gray area war will consist primarily of bugger battles between build up gangs or militias. It may be think to refugee movements, ethnic conflict, bionomic degradation, or struggles for political power (as in Jamaica in the 1990s, where political parties used path gangs to augment their influence).When astrategic gray area war is linked to struggles for political power, the armed forces (such as they are) will be serving as mercenaries only partially controlled by their paymasters, rather than armed units under the demonstrable command of political authorities. strategic Information warfare Formal, informal, and gray area war are all logical extensions of existing types. Technology, though, could force or allow more radical change in the conduct of armed conflict. For instance, information may become a n actual weapon rather than scarce a tool that supports traditional kinetic weapons.Future war may see attacks via computer viruses, worms, logic bombs, and trojan horses rather than bullets, bombs, and missiles. This is scarcely the latest adaptation of an idea with recent antecedents in military history. Today strategic information warfare remains simply a concept or theory. The technology to wage it does not exist. Even if it did, strategists cannot be certain strategic information warfare would have the intended psychological effect. Would the destruction of a states basis truly cause psychological collapse?Would the failure of banking, commercial, and transportation systems crush the will of a people or brand name it? But until infrastructure warfare is turn out ineffective, states and non-state actors which have the capacity to attempt it probably will, doing so because it appears potentially effective and less risky than other forms of armed conflict. Future infrastruct ure war could take two forms. In one version, strategic information attacks would be used to prepare for or support conventional military operations to weaken an enemys ability to mobilize or deploy force.The second possible form would be stand alone strategic information warfare. This might take the form of a carry on prevail designed for decisive victory or, more likely, as a serial of raids designed to punish or coerce an enemy But should cyber-attacks, whether as part of strategic information warfare or as terrorism, become common, the traditional advantage large and rich states hold in armed conflict might erode. Cyber-attacks require much less expensive equipment than traditional ones.The necessary skills exist in the civil information technology world. One of the things that made nation-states the most effective organizations for waging industrial age war was the expense of troops, equipment and supplies. Conventional industrial-age war was expensive and wasteful. Only or ganizations that could mobilize large amounts of money flesh, and material could succeed at it. But if it becomes possible to wage war using a handful of computers with earnings connections, a vast array of organizations may choose to join the fray.Non-state organizations could be as effective as states. Private entities might be able to match state armed forces. While substantial movement is underway on the defense of national information infrastructure, foul information warfare is more controversial. Following the 1999 air campaign against Serbia, there were reports that the United States had used offensive information warfare and thus triggered a super-weapon that catapulted the country into a military era that could forever alter the ways of war and the march of history. According to this story, the U. S. military targeted Serbias command and control network and yell system. The Future Battlefield The information revolution is transforming warfare. No longer will big dug-in Armies, armadas and Air Forces fight bloody attritional battles. Instead, small highly mobile forces, armed with real time information from satellites and mundanely deployed battlefield sensors, will strike with lighten up speed at unthought-of locations.On the battlefield of the future, enemy forces will be, located, track and targetted almost instantaneously through the use of * Sensors and their fusion with a view to presenting an integrated highly reliable intelligence take to in real time. * Surveillance devices that infinitely seek and shadow the enemy. * Data-links and computer-generated battle picture, task tables and maps that change scale and overlay differing types of information in response to voice requests. * modify fire control, with start round kill probabilities approaching near certainty. Simulation, visualization and about in planning, and testing concepts and weapon effectiveness. This would proportionality out the need for large forces to overwhelm the opponent physically. Control function will be decentralized and shared at all levels of command. Combat will be in tandem to intelligence gathering. Non-lethal, soft-kill electronic weapons will assume as much importance as highly lethal, hard-kill weapons. effectual command posts and paperless headquarters will be the form. A Commander will be of a different breed-priding more in his lap-top than his baton. He will be his own staff officer.Changing Perception of War and its implications on poorly governed country The idea that weak states can compromise security most obviously by providing havens for terrorists but also by incubating organized crime, prodding waves of migrants, and undermining global efforts to control environmental threats and malady is no longer much contested. upper-case letter Post, June 9. 2004 A majority of states in the coeval security environment can be classified as weak. These states exhibit a limited ability to control their own territories becau se, in part, they do not have a monopoly on the use of force within their borders.They also struggle to provide security or deliver major services to large segments of their populations. These vulnerabilities generate security predicaments that propel weak regimesboth participatory and authoritarianto act in opportunist ways. Because they lack conventional capabilities, out of necessity, weak states will have to be opportunistic in their use of the limited instruments they have available for security and survival. The threat of information warfare should be understood within a broad vision of global power that is based on an up-dated version of Mao Zedongs theory of the threesome Worlds.Just as Mao believed that the world was divided into three tiers of states, with the superpowers at the top, the developed states in the middle and the developing states at the bottom, in the information age is also supposed to be three types of state. At the top of the pile is the information heg emony state, asserting its control by dictatorial the telecommunications infrastructure, software development, and by reaping profits from the use of information and the Internet.After this comes the information milkweed butterfly state, exemplified by those European states that have accumulated sufficient know-how to exert free-living control over their information resources and benefit profits from them, and to protect themselves from information hegemony. At the bottom of the pile are the information colonial and semi-colonial states, which have no plectrum but to accept the information that is forced on them by other states. They are thus left vulnerable to growth because they lack the means to protect themselves from hegemonic power. In recent years, the constitution of conflict has changed. with asymmetrical warfare radical groups and weak state actors are using unexpected means to deal stunning blows to more powerful opponents in the West. From terrorism to informatio n warfare, the Wests air power, sea power and land power are open to attack from clever, but much weaker, enemies. The significance of asymmetric warfare, in both civilian and military realms become such an important theme for study to provide answers to key questions, such as how weaker opponents apply asymmetric techniques against the Western world, and shows how the West military superiority can be seriously undermined by asymmetric threats.Conclusion It is said that nothing is stable except change. This is particularly true in the information age. It is important to understand the personality of the new world information order in order to be effective in foreign policy initiatives and to conduct the international relations. The information revolution throws up various contradictory phenomena. It includes the strengthening of the forces of mutiny and control. The revolution empowers individuals and elites. It breaks down hierarchies and creates new power structures.It offers more choices and too many choices, greater insight and more fog. It reduces the risk to soldiers in warfare and vastly increases the cost of conflict. It can lead to supremacy of the possessors of information technologies while it leads to vulnerabilities to the same possessors from weaker nations. It cedes some state delegacy to markets, to transnational entities and to non-state actors and as a result produces political forces calling for the strengthening of the state.However, a mere look at some of the manifestations of the arrival of information technology in international relations, clearly brings out how the nature and exercise of power have been permanently altered. Benjamin Barber describes a world that is both coming together and move apart in his book jehad Against McWorld. He describes a world where the nation state is losing its influence and where the world is travel to tribalism, regionalism, and the ethnocentric warfare that characterized much of the to begin wi th human history.This problem is most likely in the developing world where we continue to see the spread of disease, continuing add-on crisis, political and economic instability, and ethnic, tribal, civil, and drug related war. There are several themes that are consistent across these global futures. The first is conflict. The negative effects of globalization will continue to promote regionalism, tribalism, and conflict in the developing world. Secondly, nations with uncontrollable population growth, a scarcity of natural resources, and poor government systems will fail to benefit from globalization regardless of its effects on the rest of the world.Thirdly, technology will continue to be exploited to benefit developed nations and adulterous criminal/terrorist networks, and will have light affect on the developing world. In all scenarios the power of the state will weaken and the power of the non-state networked actor will continue to expand with the help of the tools of global ization. References capital of Minnesota D. Williams. (2008). War. In Paul D. Williams Security Studies An Introduction. refreshing York Routledge. p151-p171. Akshay Joshi. (2010). The Information Revolution and National springpolitical Aspects-II.Available www. idsa. org. Last accessed 13rd November 2011. Alvin and Heidi Toffler, War and Anti-War Survival at the Dawn of the 21st Century, Boston Little, Brown and Company, 1993. Robert O. 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